Why Heatwaves Hit Women Hardest

The UK’s record-breaking heatwaves are a stark reminder of the far-reaching consequences of climate change. While we often discuss the economic and environmental impacts, there’s another effect that deserves attention: heatwaves disproportionately affect women. Dr Nighat Arif, an NHS GP specializing in women’s health, describes it as a “stress-test” for women’s cardiovascular systems.

Women’s hormone levels and body response to heat are key reasons behind their increased vulnerability. Research has consistently shown that women produce less sweat than men and start sweating at a higher temperature. This makes it harder for them to quickly shed excess heat, impairing their ability to judge when their bodies are under burden. Women also have a higher core body temperature and body fat percentage than men, which acts as an additional insulating layer.

The natural fluctuations of women’s hormones play a significant role in their vulnerability. During the menstrual cycle, perimenopause, menopause, pregnancy, and breastfeeding, hormone levels shift significantly, affecting brain temperature regulation systems. As Dr Arif explains, “our levels of oestrogen and progesterone shift most substantially… which can make you less able to regulate your temperature.” This is particularly concerning given the increasing prevalence of heatwaves.

Socioeconomic circumstances also contribute to women’s higher risk. Women are more likely to be caregivers and often have less control over their working conditions, making it harder for them to adapt to extreme temperatures. Lower pay and caregiving responsibilities can exacerbate the issue. Age is another critical factor: since women live longer on average than men, they’re more susceptible to heat-related health impacts.

The intersection of biology and socioeconomic factors creates a perfect storm that leaves women disproportionately affected by heatwaves. The older you are, the more vulnerable you become to heat stress. As Dr Pinho-Gomes explains, “women live longer on average than men… which means we are more at risk of health impacts.” Elderly people, especially those with dementia, may struggle to recognize thirst or conditions requiring diuretics.

Hormonal fluctuations during menstruation can worsen the effects of heatwaves. Progesterone rises before a period begins, raising core body temperature and discomfort. Then, oestrogen drops to its lowest level, putting additional pressure on women’s hearts to cool down. This is evident in comments from women who experienced increased fatigue, dizziness, anxiety, and sleepless nights during the June heatwave.

The impact of climate change extends beyond biology. As temperatures rise, so do hot flushes and night sweats for perimenopausal and menopausal women. Chemical or surgical menopause can also exacerbate these symptoms, making it more challenging for women to cope with heatwaves. Research suggests that global warming may worsen the effects of hot flushes and night sweats.

The stories of women experiencing heatwaves highlight the severity of the issue. Michaela Finn’s account of nearly fainting twice and experiencing “total brain fog” is a stark reminder of the hidden inequality in plain sight. The experiences of Hilary Serif, Dr Rosaline West, and many others illustrate the need for targeted efforts to protect women from heatwaves.

As research and case studies demonstrate, it’s clear that heatwaves hit women harder due to a complex interplay of biological and socioeconomic factors. It’s time to acknowledge this hidden inequality and work towards creating a more inclusive and equitable response to climate change.